“12th Class Chemistry Chapter 7: Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry” forms the base of understanding organic compounds, their structures, and reactions. Organic chemistry is a critical part of MDCAT preparation, and this chapter introduces basic concepts like hybridization, bonding, isomerism, and reaction mechanisms. Enhance your learning with our MDCAT Quiz and free flashcards.
Structure and Bonding in Organic Compounds
Organic compounds mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. The carbon atom’s special ability to bond results from its catenation property and ability to form stable covalent bonds.
Hybridization and Bonding
sp³ Hybridization: Alkanes have carbon atoms bonded by single bonds (methane).
sp² Hybridization: Alkenes contain carbon atoms that form a double bond (ethene).
sp Hybridization: Alkynes contain carbon atoms with a triple bond (ethyne).
Functional Groups
The reactivity and properties of organic compounds depend on their functional groups like:
Hydroxyl group (-OH) in alcohols.
Carbonyl group (>C=O) in ketones and aldehydes.
Carboxyl group (-COOH) in carboxylic acids.
Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or spatial arrangements.
Types of Isomerism
Structural Isomerism: This includes chain, position, and functional group isomerism.
Example: Butane and isobutane are chain isomers
Stereoisomerism: This includes geometrical and optical isomerism.
Example: cis-trans isomerism in alkenes like but-2-ene
The understanding of isomerism is helpful in solving the MDCAT questions on organic structures.
Reaction Mechanism
Organic reactions can be classified based on the type of reagent and mechanism:
Types of Reaction
Substitution Reaction: One atom or group is replaced by another.
Example: CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl. Free radical substitution
Addition Reaction: Atoms are added to double or triple bonds.
Example: C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆. Hydrogenation
Elimination Reaction: Atoms are removed to form double or triple bonds.
Example: CH₃CH₂OH → CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O. Dehydration
Rearrangement Reaction: The structure of the molecule is changed without changing its molecular formula.
MDCAT Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Organic Chemistry
Our MDCAT Quiz focuses on key areas such as:
Hybridization and bonding in organic molecules
Identification of functional groups and their properties
Mechanism of substitution, addition, and elimination reactions
Free Flashcards for Organic Chemistry
Use our free flashcards for quick revision of:
Types of hybridization in organic molecules
Examples of isomerism and their applications
Key reaction mechanism with relevant examples.
Flashcards come in handy during last-minute revisions of complex organic chemistry concepts.
In this way, mastering the basics of organic chemistry provides a platform for understanding the advanced topics in this subject and to excel in MDCAT by using our MDCAT Quiz and free Flashcards for better learning and practicing.
- Test Name: 9th Class Physics Chapter 1 Quiz
- Type: Quiz Test
- Total Questions: 40
- Total Marks: 40
- Time: 40 minutes
Note: Answer of the questions will change randomly each time you start the test, once you are finished, click the View Results button.
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