Which molecule carries genetic information in humans?
a) RNA
b) DNA
c) Protein
d) Lipid
What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
a) Single strand
b) Double helix
c) Triple strand
d) Linear chain
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
a) Adenine
b) Thymine
c) Uracil
d) Guanine
What is the function of ribosomes in cells?
a) DNA replication
b) Protein synthesis
c) Lipid metabolism
d) Energy production
Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?
a) Sugar
b) Phosphate
c) Amino acid
d) Nitrogenous base
What is the process by which DNA is copied before cell division?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Mutation
Who discovered the double-helix structure of DNA?
a) Charles Darwin
b) Gregor Mendel
c) Watson and Crick
d) Rosalind Franklin
Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) snRNA
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
a) Carries amino acids to the ribosome
b) Copies DNA into RNA
c) Assembles ribosomes
d) Synthesizes DNA
Which of the following best describes a gene?
a) A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
b) A type of enzyme
c) A cell organelle
d) A chromosome
What is genetic mutation?
a) The replication of DNA
b) A permanent change in the DNA sequence
c) The formation of new cells
d) The process of cell respiration
Which enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?
a) RNA polymerase
b) DNA helicase
c) DNA polymerase
d) Ligase
What is the role of restriction enzymes in DNA technology?
a) Replicate DNA
b) Cut DNA at specific sequences
c) Synthesize proteins
d) Repair DNA mutations
Which technique is used to amplify DNA fragments?
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
c) DNA sequencing
d) CRISPR
Which scientist is known as the father of genetics?
a) James Watson
b) Gregor Mendel
c) Francis Crick
d) Barbara McClintock
What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?
a) An organism with a naturally mutated gene
b) An organism that has undergone selective breeding
c) An organism whose DNA has been altered in a lab
d) A new species created through evolution
Which of the following is an example of gene therapy?
a) Using insulin to treat diabetes
b) Replacing a faulty gene with a normal one
c) Cloning a mammal
d) Using antibiotics to treat infections
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
a) To separate DNA fragments by size
b) To copy DNA
c) To edit genes
d) To synthesize proteins
Which type of RNA is a structural component of ribosomes?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) siRNA
Which process converts mRNA into a protein?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Mutation
What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
a) Determining blood types
b) Identifying individuals based on their DNA
c) Detecting viruses in cells
d) Measuring genetic mutations
What is CRISPR primarily used for?
a) DNA sequencing
b) Gene editing
c) Protein synthesis
d) RNA translation
Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine in DNA?
a) Adenine
b) Thymine
c) Guanine
d) Uracil
How many chromosomes do humans have in each body cell?
a) 23
b) 46
c) 44
d) 22
Which of the following describes a clone?
a) A genetically identical copy of an organism
b) An organism with a mutation
c) A hybrid species
d) A genetically modified plant
Which part of DNA determines an organism’s traits?
a) Phosphate groups
b) Sugar molecules
c) Nitrogenous bases
d) Hydrogen bonds
What is the function of telomeres in DNA?
a) Repair DNA damage
b) Protect the ends of chromosomes
c) Regulate gene expression
d) Facilitate protein synthesis
Which process occurs in the nucleus and involves copying DNA into RNA?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Mutation
What is the role of histones in DNA?
a) Store genetic information
b) Help in DNA packaging
c) Carry amino acids
d) Control protein synthesis
