Which of the following is a characteristic of distributed databases?
a) Data is stored in a single location
b) Data is distributed across multiple sites
c) Data is accessible only by a single user
d) Data cannot be updated remotely
What is a key challenge in managing distributed databases?
a) Lack of data integrity
b) Ensuring data consistency across sites
c) Data replication is unnecessary
d) Lack of network connectivity
In distributed databases, what does data fragmentation refer to?
a) Dividing data into smaller pieces
b) Splitting data among different users
c) Storing redundant data across nodes
d) Encrypting data for security
Which of the following is a type of data fragmentation in distributed databases?
a) Horizontal fragmentation
b) Vertical fragmentation
c) Mixed fragmentation
d) All of the above
What is the primary advantage of distributed databases over centralized databases?
a) Increased data redundancy
b) Easier maintenance
c) Enhanced data availability and performance
d) Higher cost of operation
Which of the following ensures that a distributed database system functions correctly even when some nodes fail?
a) Data replication
b) Data fragmentation
c) Data indexing
d) Transaction locking
What does the term “distributed query processing” refer to?
a) Dividing queries across multiple databases
b) Executing queries on a central server
c) Storing queries on multiple sites
d) Managing large queries on a single server
In distributed databases, what does “two-phase commit” ensure?
a) Data is stored in a single location
b) Ensures transaction consistency across distributed sites
c) Reduces the number of transactions
d) Eliminates network failure issues
Which of the following is a disadvantage of distributed databases?
a) Single point of failure
b) Increased latency in data retrieval
c) Reduced availability
d) Simplified data storage
What is the role of a distributed database management system (DDBMS)?
a) Managing a single local database
b) Coordinating between multiple databases across different locations
c) Maintaining a backup of the database
d) Optimizing a single-user database system
Which of the following ensures that distributed databases remain synchronized?
a) Data fragmentation
b) Data replication
c) Data normalization
d) Transaction scheduling
What type of data consistency is most commonly used in distributed databases?
a) Eventual consistency
b) Strong consistency
c) Immediate consistency
d) Conditional consistency
Which protocol is commonly used for distributed transaction management in a distributed database?
a) TCP/IP
b) HTTP
c) Two-phase commit protocol
d) XML-RPC
In a distributed database, how is data redundancy achieved?
a) Data is fragmented
b) Data is replicated across multiple sites
c) Data is compressed
d) Data is encrypted
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of distributed databases?
a) Increased system reliability
b) Improved scalability
c) Reduced administrative overhead
d) Faster data access due to local proximity
Which of the following describes horizontal fragmentation in a distributed database?
a) Dividing a table into columns
b) Dividing a table into rows
c) Creating multiple copies of a table
d) Merging multiple tables into one
Which of the following best describes vertical fragmentation in a distributed database?
a) Storing entire tables in different locations
b) Dividing a table into columns
c) Replicating data across nodes
d) Storing backups at multiple locations
What is the primary purpose of a “distributed query optimizer” in a distributed database?
a) To execute queries on the fastest node
b) To reduce the size of the database
c) To improve query processing efficiency
d) To encrypt queries for security
In distributed databases, what is the purpose of a “distributed lock manager”?
a) To prevent data fragmentation
b) To ensure transaction consistency across nodes
c) To enable faster querying
d) To allow for concurrent writes to the same data
What is meant by “distributed data storage”?
a) Data is stored on a single server
b) Data is broken up and stored on multiple servers or locations
c) Data is cached in local memory
d) Data is stored in a single database
Which of the following is a type of replication used in distributed databases?
a) Master-slave replication
b) Peer-to-peer replication
c) Multi-master replication
d) All of the above
Which is true about “eventual consistency” in distributed databases?
a) All nodes are always in sync immediately after a transaction
b) Changes are propagated to all nodes over time, not immediately
c) Data consistency is guaranteed across all nodes at all times
d) Only a single node is involved in a transaction
What is the role of “replication” in distributed databases?
a) Reduces the complexity of transactions
b) Provides data redundancy and availability
c) Decreases the size of the database
d) Ensures data fragmentation
What does “data transparency” refer to in distributed databases?
a) Hiding the details of where and how data is stored and accessed
b) Making data available to all users
c) Ensuring data is visible to authorized users
d) Encrypting data to prevent unauthorized access
Which of the following is NOT a challenge in distributed databases?
a) Network latency
b) Data consistency
c) Increased availability
d) Node failure handling
What does a “distributed database schema” define?
a) The structure and organization of data across multiple sites
b) The types of transactions allowed in the database
c) The replication process for data
d) The indexing method used for data retrieval
Which of the following is a key advantage of a distributed database system over a centralized database system?
a) Lower network costs
b) Easier to secure
c) Higher data availability and reliability
d) Simplified data backup
Which of the following protocols is commonly used for communication between distributed database nodes?
a) FTP
b) HTTP
c) RPC
d) SMTP
What is a “distributed transaction” in the context of distributed databases?
a) A transaction executed on a single node
b) A transaction that involves multiple distributed databases or nodes
c) A transaction that only involves local data
d) A transaction executed by a user with high privileges
Which type of database fragmentation would involve storing parts of a table on different nodes based on user requirements?
a) Horizontal fragmentation
b) Vertical fragmentation
c) Mixed fragmentation
d) None of the above
